CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1   MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS AND ECHINODERMS
KINGDOM : ANIMAL
    PHYLUM : MOLLUSK                     
           

http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/206   excellent video wowowowowowowowow

 MOLLUSCA OR MOLLUSK  both spelling which are accepted
        characteristics: invertebrates,
            soft bodied many covered with shells,
   have a thin layer of tissue that covers internal organs- MANTLE - also this tissue makes the shell
        most have a muscular structure - FOOT - used to dig, move, and catch prey
            most live in water some live in damp places
                        bilateral symmetry
   body plan in not repeated all internal organ are located together in one area
       KIDNEYS- paired organ that removes waste
      GILLS - remove oxygen from water by diffusion,
           (in many the gills have cilia the beating action make water flow over the gills and food can also be strained from water)
     RADULA - many have a flexible ribbon of tiny teeth that scrape food from a surface used to help in classification                                   
            CLASS : GASTROPODA  "STOMACH FOOT"

example snails and slugs, have one shell or no shell
  are herbivores, scavengers or carnivores
 can be hermaphrodites or display sexual dimorphism  ( separate male and female genders)
 internal and external fertilization occurs

FOOT - makes mucus and the snail travels on top of it

http://www.arkive.org/garden-snail/helix-aspersa/video-09a.html  snail videos

RADULA - scrapes food off surfaces www.pirx.com/gallery/albums/mollusks/radula.jpg


CLASS : PELEYCOPODA  "HATCHET FOOT"     ALSO CALLED BIVALVES
       examples : clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
     BIVALVES - two shells held together with a hinge and strong muscles
    FILTER FEEDERS - strain food from the water using cilia on their gills,
      food sticks to mucus and is moved to mouth by cilia 
   reproduction : Fertilization is internal
        Sperm are taken in through the female's incurrent siphon and fertilize eggs in the gills. 
        Larvae  develop   leave the gill area through the excurrent siphons 
       larvae are parasites on  fish  gills or fins
  it remains attached to fish for two to three months. 
      larvae then breaks out of the fish to develop into an adult on the lake or river bottom   

   
                PEARL FORMATION - sand, grit or even a parasite can become lodged between the mantle and shell
             mantle cells cover irritant
             mantle forms smooth shell over object so the clam is protected  

http://www.arkive.org/giant-clam/tridacna-gigas/video-09.html   giant clam spawning
 

1. foot -  digs and moves clam (muscular) 2. shell - protection (skeletal) 3. mouth - opening for food (digestive) 4. mantle - makes the shell and pearls, (skeletal)  5. anterior adductor muscle - closes shell, (muscular) 6. digestive gland - makes enzymes that break down food, (digestive) 7. umbo - start of the shell, (skeletal) 8 stomach - breaks down food, (digestive)  9. heart - pumps blood, (circulatory) 10 posterior adductor muscle - closes shell, (muscular) 11. anus - opening for waste, (excretory) 12. excurrent siphon (exhalant)- tube allow wastes to be removed, (respiratory)  13. incurrent siphon (inhalant)- tube that brings in food and water, (respiratory) 14.ganglion - nerve, (nervous) 15. gill - used for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, has cilia for filter feeding in clam, (respiratory) 16 nephridia (kidney) - filters liquid waste, (excretory) 17.intestine- breaks down and absorbs food (digestive),  18.gonad - produces sex cells, (reproductive) 19 brain - controls body activities, (nervous) 20. mouth flap - ( or called palps)  (digestive)  guide food to mouth. 21. esophagus - ( digestive) takes food from mouth to stomach.

clam dissections on line

http://www.k-state.edu/organismic/images/clam_labeled_1.jpg

http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/clam.html      quick quiz

CLASS : CEPHALOPODA " HEAD FOOT"

http://www.arkive.org/common-octopus/octopus-vulgaris/video-00.html 
     example: squid, octopus
          feet are adapted to form tentacles
          suckers on tentacles help capture food, touch and taste objects
          have excellent vision and a large brain  they can remember what they learn
          move by jet propulsion they squeeze a current of water out of the mantle and shoot off in the opposite direction

CHAPTER 11     SECTION 2       ARTHROPODS

KINGDOM - ANIMAL
       PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA  " jointed legs or foot"
            examples: grasshopper, crayfish, bugs, spiders
            characteristics: invertebrate,
                exoskeleton - outer skeleton 
                segmented body,
                jointed appendages give flexibility and enable movement, (flying, walking, defense, catching prey)
                open circulatory system,
                reproduce sexually, most have sexual dimorphism ( both male and female)
                internal fertilization
        EXOSKELETON -  outer skeleton to protect and help prevent evaporation of water
                can not grow with body so must be shed           
        CHITIN -  makes up the exoskeleton made of long-chain protein molecules is tough and flexible
        MOLTING -  shedding of outgrown exoskeleton new skeleton is soft for a time
        ANTENNA - appendages on the head that contain sense organs for smell, taste, touch, and balance

http://www.arkive.org/common-lobster/homarus-gammarus/video-08.html    lobster eating
http://www.arkive.org/coconut-crab/birgus-latro/video-00.html   coconut crab        
    CLASS - CRUSTACEAN crayfish, crabs
        characteristics : have two or three body sections
                usually 3 pairs of appendages for chewing
                2 pair of antenna
                5 or more pair of legs
                each body segment has a pair of legs or modified legs attached to it
                metamorphosis - process in which the animal's body undergoes a dramatic change

http://www.quia.com/mc/265982.html  match the crayfish parts
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/crayfish.html dissection and identification help

http://www.aa.psu.edu/biology/crayfish/  dissection help  very good pictures labeled
http://biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Crayfishdiss.html  dissection images

x

quick quiz

CLASS - ARACHNIDS  spiders,  scorpions, ticks, mites

http://www.arkive.org/nursery-web-spider/pisaura-mirabilis/video-09a.html   video  male offering food to female

http://www.arkive.org/mexican-redknee-tarantula/brachypelma-smithi/video-00.html tarantula

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Haeckel_Arachnida.jpg/427px-Haeckel_Arachnida.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Haeckel_Arachnida.jpg/427px-Haeckel_Arachnida.jpg 
            have only 2 body sections
                cephalothorax - head and thorax
                abdomen- has the reproductive organs and intestine
                have 8 legs
                have no antennae
                book lungs - breathing organ that have tubes that lead to the outside of the exoskeleton
                hollow fangs that inject venom
http://www.arkive.org/house-spider/tegenaria-domestica/video-08.html  house spider with prey
http://www.arkive.org/wolf-spider/pardosa-amentata/video-00.html video wolf spider
http://www.arkive.org/wolf-spider/pardosa-amentata/video-09b.html wolf spider carrying young

scorpions

http://www.arkive.org/emperor-scorpion/pandinus-imperator/video-12.html scorpions fighting

Ticks

http://www.pinedaleonline.com/scr-tickandpenny.jpg                                            http://www.thepetcenter.com/gen/itchtick_AmericanDogTick_2.jpg

mites

 
http://zigzagza.files.wordpress.com/2006/11/eyelash-mites.jpg    http://healthandenergy.com/images/Dust%20Mites.jpg
    CLASS - MILLIPEDE  "thousand legs"  herbivores can squirt awful-smelling liquid at potential predators

http://gallery.pethobbyist.com/data/766MadagascarRedMillipede.jpg
    CLASS - CENTIPEDE "hundred legs" carnivores swift predators with sharp jaws and inject venom

http://www.taoistsecret.com/Images/sgrobusta2.jpg

CHAPTER 11         SECTION 3         INSECTS

 CLASS - INSECTS 
examples ; bugs, grasshoppers, dragonfly, cockroach, bee

http://www.arkive.org/common-field-grasshopper/chorthippus-brunneus/video-08.html grasshopper eating
http://www.arkive.org/emperor-dragonfly/anax-imperator/video-00.html  dragonfly
http://www.arkive.org/emperor-dragonfly/anax-imperator/video-00.html
   characteristic ;
       three body section
        head has sense organs
          usually 2 large compound eyes with many lenses see movement
          simple eyes can see light and darkness
        thorax or midsection is the area which the wings and legs are attached
        abdomen has sex organs and intestine
            six legs
            one pair antennae
            usually one or two pair of wings
            SPIRACLES - holes on abdomen used for breathing
            MALPIGHIAN TUBES - excretory tubes
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=E86B71B6-066F-49D2-8F91-43AC8D34E1AB&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US   video swarming mayflies

http://www.arkive.org/common-field-grasshopper/chorthippus-brunneus/video-08.html  video

1. abdomen - reproductive organs, and most of the digestive system  2. antennae -  2 segmented antennae  sense, touch and odors  3 .compound eye -  2  eyes made up of many lenses  4. head -  is the location of the brain, the two compound eyes, the mouth parts, and  two antennae.  5. jumping legs - attached to metathorax  6. mandibles - the jaws,  by the palps; the jaws crush the food  7. palps - long, segmented mouth parts (under the jaws) that grasp the food  8. spiracles - holes located along both sides of the abdomen; they are used for breathing  9. thorax - the middle area where the legs and wings are attached  10. tympanum - eardrum  11. walking legs - the four, short front legs  12. wings - 2 pairs

Digestive system.     a. Esophagus  - pushes food to stomach               b. Crop - softens and stores food     c . Gizzard - grinds up food     d. Gastric caeca - add digestive juices to food is at the end of the gut     e. Stomach - breaks down food                f. Intestine - digests and absorbs food     g. Rectum - removes water and compacts waste     h. Anus - opening to remove waste   Circulatory system   -          heart - pumps blood    Respiratory system -          spiracles - opening in the exoskeleton connects to the tracheas         tracheae - connects to the lungs         book lungs - used for breathing    Excretory system -          Malpighian tubules - filters waste excretory tubes    Nervous system  -          brain, - controls body activities         ventral nerve cord - sends and receives messages    Reproductive system  -           testes, - makes sperm          ovaries, - produces eggs ovipositor - used to dig hole so female can lay eggs iweb.tntech.edu/mcaprio/life_cycle.jpg

QUICK QUIZ

http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-grasshopper.jpg

http://www.ent.iastate.edu/ref/anatomy/ihop/  excellent interactive dissection site

COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

INCOMPLETE OR GRADUAL METAMORPHOSIS       examples : grasshopper, termites, crickets

EGG - HATCHES INTO NYMPH STAGE NYMPH - LOOKS LIKE SMALL ADULT MAY MOLT SEVERAL TIMES BEFORE BECOMING ADULT http://www.arkive.org/emperor-dragonfly/anax-imperator/video-09b.html  ADULT -  SEXUALLY MATURE STAGE

COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS - examples: fly, butterfly, beetles, ants http://www.arkive.org/suffolk-ant-lion/euroleon-nostras/video-08a.html

EGG - HATCHES INTO LARVA STAGE http://www.arkive.org/large-copper-butterfly/lycaena-dispar/video-09b.html laying eggs LARVA - IS THE IMMATURE FORM, IT LOOKS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE ADULT IT IS A EATING AND GROWING STAGE PUPA - THE INSECT IS ENCLOSED IN Ahttp://www.arkive.org/large-copper-butterfly/lycaena-dispar/video-09c.html  PROTECTIVE COVERING AND GRADUALLY CHANGES FROM LARVA TO ADULT examples ; COCOON OR CHRYSALIShttp://www.arkive.org/large-copper-butterfly/lycaena-dispar/video-09d.html ADULT -  SEXUALLY MATURE STAGE http://www.arkive.org/large-copper-butterfly/lycaena-dispar/video-00.html

FEEDING :  Insect mouth parts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food

  
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1051/90062155.JPG          http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1051/90062117.JPG             http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg
DEFENSE :  exoskeleton, bad smells or tastes bad, run or fly away quickly, painful stings and
    CAMOUFLAGE : a way of blending in with the surroundings

  

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/Camouflage_01.jpg                                         http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/Ecology/camo/images/flower_mantid.jpg 

MOST INSECTS ARE HARMLESS OR BENEFICIAL TO HUMANS : make silk or prey on harmful insects, or are pollinators
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - using one species that is a predator  to eliminate a harmful pest.  these are less damaging to the environment that insecticides

CHAPTER 11     SECTION 4        
THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMUNICATION

PHEROMONES - a chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another of the same species,  communication used to locate food, attract mates and distinguish member of their own group from members of other groups

http://www.sfu.ca/chemistry/Research/fullimages/insects.jpg
BIOLUMINESCENCE - is a production of light by a living organism the light is generated by chemical reaction can be used to attract mate example : fireflies

http://insects.tamu.edu/images/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/lampyridae/photinus_unknown_adult_lateral_m_01.jpg

CHAPTER 11    SECTION  5    ECHINODERMS

KINGDOM - ANIMAL
        PHYLUM -    ECHINODERMS "spiny skin"
http://www.arkive.org/common-starfish/asterias-rubens/video-16.html  starfish being attacked
http://www.arkive.org/common-starfish/asterias-rubens/video-08.html  starfish eating
            examples - sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers
            characteristics; radial symmetry, invertebrate, endoskeleton, internal fluid system

WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM -  consists of fluid (sea water) filled tubes within the echinoderm's body
            water is squeezed into tube feet
            tube feet act like suction cups and stick to surfaces, they move organism and help capture food
REPRODUCTION: female releases eggs  male releases sperm into water,  fertilization occurs, larvae develop and can swim

1. Arms or rays - projecting from disc, help catch prey and movement, skeletal  system  2. Madreporite - small white circular area, off-center on dorsal surface of disc         brings in  water and lets out water in water vascular system  3. Anus - small, on dorsal side on disc  waste removal, excretory system          4. Spines many short, rough, over surface protection, skeletal system               5. Eyespot - small, pigmented on one end of each arm, senses light, nervous system  6. Tube feet - soft, slender, with expanded tips; ventral side used in movement, helps capture prey, water vascular system  7. mouth - opening for food digestive system 8.  Stomach - disc, thin, sac-like, breaks down food, digestive system  9.digestive gland - a pair in each arm, greenish, long, makes an enzyme to break down food, digestive system  10. Gonads - in each arm, below digestive gland,  sexes separate. reproductive system 11. GILLS - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, respiratory system

WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM   (WVS)    1. Madreporite - small white circular area brings water into and out of wvs    2. Stone canal - limy tube  from madreporite to ring canal.    3. Ring canal - hard, circular, around mouth region    4. Radial canal - from ring canal along each arm, connects canals to ampullae.    5. Ampullae - many, small, spherical, connect to tube feet  fills up tube feet like eye dropper     6. Tube feet - used in feeding and movement

http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/echinoderms_and_protochordates.htm
http://www.staff.brookings.k12.sd.us/Reidell/starfish%20dissection%202_files/frame.htm  from sdsu Brookings

QUICK QUIZ

BRITTLE STARS - have 5 arms long slender and with flexible joints, can regenerate don't have suction cups on tube feet.

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/‌explorations/islands01/log/sep4/media/giant_red_brittlestar_600.jpg

SAND DOLLARS - round, no arms, flat bodies

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoid-directory/morphology/JPEG/ARACHNO1.jpg

SEA URCHIN - purple covered with movable spines that protect them can scrape algae, chew sea weed, and crush coral with 5 strong teeth, eggs are used in research because they are large

http://www.smbaykeeper.org/images/site_images/Purple-sea-urchin.jpg

SEA CUCUMBER - filter feeder, can expel its intestine when attacked

http://www.wwf.org.hk/images/hoihawan/gallery/seashore/1.-Beige-sea-cucumber_ph.jpg

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