CHAPTER 12    FISH, AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES

KINGDOM - ANIMAL
   PHYLUM CHORDATE     

      SUBPHYLUM - VERTEBRATES
     characteristics:  they have some time in their lives  
        notochord - is flexible rod that supports the animal's back can become bone in most fish some can be made of cartilage- flexible strong softer than bone
  is never lost in lancelet,
 tunicates have them as larvae but not as adults
nerve cord, is on the dorsal side sends and receives messages
gill slits in their throat area  (or called 1st pharyngeal slits)

VERTEBRAE - make up the backbone flexible, has a hole in it that allows spinal cord through
ENDOSKELETON - supports and protect body,
   gives body shape and a place for muscles to attach
       grows as the animal grows
  forms the internal frame supports against pull of gravity
             ALLOWS EASY MOVEMENT

EXOTHERMIC   (ectotherm)- "cold-blooded" the organisms body temperature changes depending upon the temperature of its environment
ENDOTHERMIC (endotherm)- "warm-blooded" an animal whose body controls and regulates the temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces, body temperature usually does not change much.
    some endothermic animals sweat  (humans) to cool off
    can live in a greater variety of environments than exothermic organisms
FOSSIL - hardened remains of a living thing that existed in the past
            bone, imprint in rock
            very few because living tissue decay rapidly and not many are preserved as fossils
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/29373552#28812891  fossil in mexico
SEDIMENTARY ROCK - is made of hardened layers of sediments (clay, sand, mud, slit)        layers build up & are pressed & cemented together to form rock
        most fossils occur here

CHAPTER 12       SECTION 2          FISH

KINGDOM ANIMAL
    PHYLUM Chordata
        ICHTHYOLOGY - STUDY OF FISH
        FISH -  vertebrates, live in water, has fins, are exothermic (ectotherm), obtain oxygen through gills, and most have scales
        GILLS - exchanges oxygen from water into fish's blood remove carbon dioxide from blood into water
      CLASS AGNATHA - "JAWLESS "
            characteristics; jawless fish,
                  exothermic (ectotherm)
                  cartilaginous skeleton,
                  no scales,
                  do not have paired fins,
                  eat by scraping, stabbing and sucking,
       examples:
            hagfish looks like large slimy worm, crawl onto dead or dying fish and consume decaying tissue with sandpapery tongue
                                                                       http://vivaldi.zool.gu.se/Fiskfysiologi_2001/Course_material/Introduction_fish_evolution/Images/Hagfish_slime.jpg

lamprey - many are parasites, suck tissues and blood of victims, 
http://www.arkive.org/river-lamprey/lampetra-fluviatilis/video-07.html  video
http://www.english-nature.org.uk/lifeinukrivers/species/species_images/lamprey8.jpg
  
(vampire fish) nearly killed off game fish in the Great Lakes,  this is an ocean fish how did it get into the Great Lakes? 
http://www.arkive.org/river-lamprey/lampetra-fluviatilis/video-00.html video lamprey
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Lamprey_illustration_side.png 

 CLASS Chondrichthyes - "CARTILAGE FISH"
          characteristics : cartilage skeleton
             jaws
            paired fins
            pointed tooth-like scales over their bodies (kind of a sandpaper texture)  
            many are carnivores                  
                examples :
                   sharks,
http://www.arkive.org/great-white-shark/carcharodon-carcharias/video-06b.html  feeding on sea lion
streamline body, jagged teeth with many rows,  if one is lost another takes its place
                always on the move or in currents to have water move across gills
                          see poorly,   hunt by sense of smell
http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/Planet%20Carnivore%20Sharks.jpg     http://www.sandaigprimary.co.uk/pivot/p6sj/images/790px-basking_shark.jpg

http://www.arkive.org/whale-shark/rhincodon-typus/video-16.html  whale shark injured by great white
http://www.arkive.org/whale-shark/rhincodon-typus/video-08a.html   whale shark feeding

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/shark_anatomy.jpg
                   rays, and skates - filter feed or feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish      http://www.divetrip.com/photos/mantabay4.jpg
     

http://www.arkive.org/manta-ray/manta-birostris/video-00.html video
http://www.thepotters.com/puzzles/fish.html       http://bogglesworldesl.com/files6/fish_wordsearchhard.doc
http://www.arkive.org/coelacanth/latimeria-chalumnae/video-00.html       
  CLASS Osteichthyes-  "boney fish"
         characteristics - 95% of all fish 
               live in salt and fresh water
               skeleton make up of hard bone
               covered with scales,
               have area on head for gills with an operculum covering gills

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29372056/  new species of fish moves like a frog
swim bladder allows fish to float in any depth of water filled with gas
             oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide change in volume affects buoyancy
http://www.pskf.ca/sd/images/dcp_4932.jpg

  buoyant forces - a force that water exerts upward on any underwater object
     if weight is greater than buoyant force object sinks
     if weight is less than buoyant force object floats   
http://www.arkive.org/atlantic-salmon/salmo-salar/video-00.html  salmon video
http://www.arkive.org/atlantic-salmon/salmo-salar/video-09a.html    salmon making nest
http://www.arkive.org/atlantic-salmon/salmo-salar/video-09a.html  salmon eggs hatching
fish farm- reduces the demand for fish caught in rives and oceans and help prevent over fishing.  Many countries have set limits on amounts  of fish that can be caught http://www.procean.no/bilder2/anlegg2.jpg

http://www.brookings.k12.sd.us/krscience/zoology/fish/sp06%20fish%20dissection.ppt#256,1,Fish Dissection  
  http://www.oceanfootage.com/video_clips/DH02_057  box fish
http://www.oceanfootage.com/video_clips/CW06_014  frog fish eating

DORSAL FIN - protection,  skeletal CAUDAL FIN - steering and movement,  skeletal OPERCULUM - gill covering protects gills,  skeletal PECTORAL FIN - steering and movement,  skeletal PELVIC FIN - steering and movement,  skeletal ANAL FIN - steering ,  skeletal LATERAL LINE - sense vibrations and pressure change, NERVOUS SCALES - protection of skin, skeletal NOSTRIL - smelling, NERVOUS ANUS - opening to remove waste, excretory MOUTH - opening for food, digestive

TELL THE FUNCTION AND SYSTEM GILLS (respiratory) - breathing  oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange HEART (circulatory) - pump blood through out fish        has 2 chambers ATRIUM - (circulatory) - 1 chamber  is the atrium it pumps blood to ventricle VENTRICLE - (circulatory) -  1 chamber  is the ventricle it pumps blood to gills and body.  The oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes here.   The heart is very inefficient  STOMACH - (digestive) -  breaks down food LIVER -  (digestive) - filters toxins in blood, produces bile gall bladder - store bile which digests fat INTESTINE  - (digestive) - breaks down and absorbs food GONADS - (reproductive) - sex organs helps produce offspring TESTES - (reproductive) - male sex organ produce sperm OVARY - (reproductive)  - female sex organ produce eggs KIDNEY- (excretory) -  filters the blood and removes  wastes SWIM BLADDER - (nervous) allows fish to floats at different depths of water because of changes in  gas concentration   BRAIN - (nervous) controls all body activities, send and receives messages

ONLINE FISH DISSECTIONS
http://www.cumberland.k12.il.us/Schools/CHS/Starwalt%20Projects/Perch%20Web%20Page/perch%20dissection.htm   fish
http://jb004.k12.sd.us/MY%20WEBSITE%20INFO/BIOLOGY%202/ANIMAL%20KINGDOM/PERCH%20DISSECTION/PERCH%20DISSECTION%20HOMEPAGE.htm fish
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/tutorials/Frog.html  frog EXCELLENT
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/perch/

CHAPTER 12       SECTION 3          AMPHIBIANS

KINGDOM ANIMAL
    PHYLUM Chordata
        CLASS AMPHIBIAN  "double life"
           characteristics
                  exothermic, (ectotherm)
                  begin life in water as young and spend adulthood on land
                  return to water to reproduce
                  most lay eggs in water
                  larvae (tadpole) swim and have gills  most are herbivores
                        metamorphosis to become adults
                  adults have lungs
                  adults thin moist skin oxygen diffuse into & carbon dioxide can diffuse out
                  most adults have strong skeletons & muscular limbs adapted for movement on land
                  most adults are carnivores
http://www.arkive.org/common-frog/rana-temporaria/video-00.html  Common frog - overview 
Golden poison frogs catching and eating crickets http://www.arkive.org/golden-poison-frog/phyllobates-terribilis/video-08.html
         NICTITATING MEMBRANE - covers the eyes to keep it from drying out and acts like a goggle under water 
                        tadpole eyes can not blink adults can

http://www.arkive.org/tomato-frog/dyscophus-antongilii/video-10.html Tomato frog inflates and exudes poison during snake attack  
      CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart has
  two atria -upper chambers (they pump to the ventricle)
  one ventricle - pumps the blood to the lungs and body
        oxygenated blood mixes with de-oxygenated blood  not an efficient system      
    REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
            most do not take care of young after eggs are laid
            most undergo metamorphosis ( young salamander look like adults although they loose their gills)
         EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION found in most frogs and toads
                    eggs are coated with clear jelly that keeps them moist and help protect form infection
         INTERNAL FERTILIZATION found in most salamanders
Common frogspawn development  http://www.arkive.org/common-frog/rana-temporaria/video-09b.html  video
Common frog tadpoles and froglets   http://www.arkive.org/common-frog/rana-temporaria/video-09c.html video
FROG METAMORPHOSIS

Stage 1–Egg eggs are laid in masses  The eggs hatch into tadpoles. Stage 2–Tadpole can  be called pollywogs. breathe using gills and have a tail are herbivores. Stage 3–Tadpole with Legs sprouts legs and then arms, has a longer body, and has a more distinct head. It still breathes using gills and has a tail. Stage 4–Froglet the almost mature frog breathes with lungs and still has some of its tail. Stage 5–Adult Frog breathes with lungs and has no tail because it has been absorbed by the body.

    example: frog and toads
        frogs have smooth and very moist skin
        toad have drier and bumpy skin these bumps are skin gland that ooze a poisonous liquid when toad is agitated or attacked
        coloring helps protect from enemies
http://www.arkive.org/green-and-golden-bell-frog/litoria-aurea/video-08.html video
http://gallery.pethobbyist.com/data/2040P3180022.jpg

       http://www.midwestfrogs.com/   videos

http://www.nwf.org/FrogwatchUSA/frogs_state.cfm?showstate=sd#frogs   Aouth Dakota frogs and calls
http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=b35fe889db419691b472   Surinam toad  gives birth from back

example: salamanders
                 keep their tail as adults,
                usually bodies are long and slender
                legs not adapted for jumping
                stalk and ambush small invertebrates
                some live in water all lives others can live on land ( lung less salamanders breathe through skin) 
http://www.arkive.org/chinese-giant-salamander/andrias-davidianus/video-00.html  Chinese giant salamander - overview 
http://magickcanoe.com/amphibians/yellow-spot-sally-small.jpg

LOCATED THE FOLLOWING  1. Vomarine Teeth: Used for holding prey , skeletal  2. Internal Nares (nostrils) opening to allow air in helps frog breathe while floating on water,  respiratory  3. Eustachian Tubes: equalize pressure in inner ear, nervous  4. Glottis : opening in trachea leading to the lungs, respiratory  5. Esophagus: Tube leading to the stomach helps swallow, DIGESTIVE  6.Tongue: Front attached, aids in grabbing prey, DIGESTIVE or MUSCULAR  7. Tympanic Membrane: eardrum, located behind eyes,  use for hearing, nervous  8. Nictitating Membrane: clear eyelid, protects the eye, integumentary system 9.  Maxillary Teeth: Used for holding prey, skeletal 10. Eye: vision, nervous

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM   1. Stomach: First site of chemical digestion, breaks down food  2. Liver: Makes bile (aids in digestion)  3. Gall bladder: Stores bile  4. Esophagus: Tube that leads to the stomach helps swallow  5. Pancreas: Makes insulin (aids in digestion)  6.Small Intestine (duodenum and ileum): most food is broken down here,    nutrients are absorbed  from food   7. Mesentery: Holds coils of the small intestine together keeps them from knotting also has many blood vessel to take food from intestine  8. Large Intestine: Collects waste, removes excess water from food  9. Spleen: Part of circulatory system, stores blood filters out worn blood cells and dumps them into intestine for removal  10. Cloaca: opening where sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit.  EXCRETORY

1. Testes: Make sperm  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  2. Oviducts: eggs travel through these  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  3. Ovary: makes egg (usually not visible on frog)  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  4. Urinary Bladder: Stores Urine excretory SYSTEM  5. Kidneys: Filter Blood of wastes  excretory SYSTEM  6. Ureters: Carry urine from kidneys to bladder  excretory SYSTEM  7. Cloaca: opening where sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit.  excretory SYSTEM

ONLINE FROG DISSECTION
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/tutorials/frog.html  GREAT FOR SELF TESTING
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/frog/  USE THE 2002 VERSION