CHAPTER 17        CIRCULATION        SEC 1 & 2

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) -
        carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells
          oxygen from lungs
          glucose to produce energy
          carbon dioxide from cells transported to lungs to be expelled
        consists of the heart blood vessels and blood
        some blood cells fight disease

http://www.dnatube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=a2cfb5f2217fbfb00722&page=1&viewtype=&category=rd&featuredesc= video

http://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg
http://mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/student/olc2/chap49shock5.html   label the heart interactive

HEART - a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
        about the size of your fist
 lies behind your sternum (breast bone) when heart muscle relaxes it fills w/ blood
when heart muscle contracts it pumps     blood out

ATRIUM - plural form is atria
     2 upper chambers of heart
   right atrium receives blood from the body and pump it to the right ventricle
    left atrium receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
VENTRICLE - more muscular than the atrium
   2 lower chambers of the heart
  right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
    left ventricle pumps blood all over body  is larger than the right
VALVES -separate structures in the heart
    keep blood flowing in the right direction
SINOATRIAL NODE  (PACE MAKER)
    regulates the heartbeat
     if damaged artificial battery operated pacemakers can be implanted
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636 video heart pumping

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ECG_Principle_fast.gif   show node pumping heart very good

http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/pumping.htm

http://mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/student/olc2/chap49shock10.html   quiz heart blood circulation

BLOOD VESSELS
    ARTERIES- carries blood away from the heart
        all but the one going to the lungs from the right ventricle are oxygenated
 BLOOD IS BRIGHT RED IT HAS OXYGEN ON IT
     walls are very thick and consist of 3 layers 
            inner layer is epithelial  tissue and is very smooth with no nerve ending
            middle layer is smooth muscle tissue giving flexibility
                       involuntary muscle act as control gates
         adjust the amount of blood sent to different organs
           outer layer is connective tissue - giving strength
        these blood vessel can expand and relax withstand pressure from the pumping heart
AORTA - an artery from the left ventricle that takes blood to the body it is the largest vessel in the body
http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/images/guide/heartworks/heartfront.jpg
           
CORONARY ARTERIES - carry blood to the heart itself

CAPILLARIES - connect arteries to veins
     substances are exchanged between the blood and body cells here
        only one blood cell can go through at a time 
        wall are only one cell thick of epithelial  tissue
        DIFFUSION OCCURS HERE molecules mover from an area of high concentration to an are of less concentration
VEINS - carry blood toward the heart
    all but one going from the lungs to the left atrium are deoxygenated
   BLOOD IS A DARK RED IT HAS CARBON DIOXIDE ON IT
        walls are thin and consist of 3 layers 
                pushing force of heart has little effect 
                contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing movements help push blood along
          have valves in them so that the blood will not go the wrong way
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/veins.gif

     FORCE - is a push or a pull
        the force exerted by the ventricle moves the blood out of your heart an into the arteries
        the contraction of he left ventricle exerts much more force that the contraction of the right ventricle
PRESSURE - is the force that something exerts over a given area
BLOOD PRESSURE -  force exerted by blood against the wall of the blood vessels it is caused by the force with which the ventricle contract
    the farther away from the heart the blood moves the lower the force
SPHYGMOMANOMETER -  instrument that measures blood pressure
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/bloodpressuremeasurement.JPG

CHAPTER 17                SECTION 3    BLOOD AND LYMPH   

BLOOD - is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
        45% of volume is cells
        55% is plasma

PLASMA -  90% is water 
        10% is dissolved materials from digested food
        it carries chemical messengers
        it carries waste
        protein molecules give plasma a yellow color
                3 kinds of protein in plasma
         one helps regulate the amount of water in the blood
                 another produced by white blood cells helps fight disease
       third group interacts with platelets to form blood clots

RED BLOOD CELLS -  RBC's
   take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the body  http://supplementalscience.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/rbc.jpg

disk shaped with pinched in center
         cells are thin and flexible
        mature cells have no nuclei 
   they can not reproduce themselves
        made in bone marrow
        live about 120 days
        2 million die a second ( means 2 million are also produced every second)
think about cancer treatments and mitosis why are some patients so tired                               
there is a commercial on tv that tell of a drug to help make more RBC's why is this a good thing
HEMOGLOBIN - iron containing protein that binds chemically to oxygen  
         bright red with oxygen
         dark red with out oxygen when it picks up carbon dioxide
  (most of the carbon dioxide is carried by plasma)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS - WBC's
        made in bone marrow
         fight diseases
        can recognize disease causing organisms
        alert body that it has been invaded
        produce chemicals to fight invaders
        surround and kill the organism
        (WBC )and bacteria both die when this happens pus is formed)
        have a nuclei
        bigger than RBC
        only about 1 WBC to every 1,000 RBC
        live for months or even years

PLATELETS - cell fragments that play an important part in forming blood clots
        release chemicals that start a chain reaction
        weave a net of tiny fibers across a cut
        fiber net traps blood cells
        clot forms and is called a scab when dried 

BLOOD TRANSFUSION -  giving of blood from one person to another
        most attempts early on did not work
        Karl Landsteiner mixed blood in the early 1900's and found sometimes they were smooth and other times they clumped up
         discover there were 4 blood types called  A, B, AB, AND O
          blood types are determined by the marker molecules on RBC   
                plasma contains clumping proteins that recognized foreign markers and make them clump together
safe transfusion - blood type is checked and cross matched with other donors

INTERESTING FACTS
        There is no substitute for human blood.
        While approximately 50% of the population is eligible to donate blood, only about 5% do so.
        O+ and A+ are the most common blood types and are most often needed.
        Because O- is the "universal donor," this blood type is frequently needed.
        AB- is the most rare blood type, with a frequency of one in 100.
        The average adult has 8-10 pints of blood.
        You can donate one pint every eight weeks.
        After donation, blood volume begins replacing itself within hours.
        When separated into components, 1 unit of whole blood can save the lives of up to 3 people.
        Whole blood has a shelf life of 42 days.
        10 tests are performed on every unit of donated blood.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - is a network of vein like vessels that returns the fluid that leaks out of the cardiovascular system to the bloodstream
    LYMPH - consists of water and dissolved material such as glucose,
            it can contain WBC that have left the capillaries
            it empties into the veins and once again become part of  blood plasma
    LYMPH NODES -  filter the lymph
            traps bacteria and other microorganisms
            can become enlarged when fighting infection  (swollen glands)

 CHAPTER 17      SEC 4           CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -  the leading cause of death in US
        occurs when the circulatory system has something wrong with it
    ATHEROSCLEROSIS - is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the buildup of fatty material
        fatty material is cholesterol - a waxy fat like substance
        it restricts the flow of blood in the arteries
    HYPERTENSION - person's blood pressure is consistently higher than normal greater than 140/90
            makes the heart work harder
            damages the wall of the blood vessels
            called the "silent killer"
    HEART ATTACK - occurs when the blood flow to art of the heart muscle is blocked
            cells die in the part of the heart that does not receive blood
            this can permanently damage the heart
        treatment is a low-fat diet ( careful food choices)
                             moderate exercise
                             limit intake of sodium
                            avoid smoking
                            medications can be prescribed to lower cholesterol (can have side affect and are not for everyone)
      ANGIOPLASTY surgery using a balloon to open the blockage and putting in a shunt can also help http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/coronary-angioplasty/MM00048 video from mayo clinic

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